Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Expert System (ES) is a knowledge representation to describe the way an expert in approaching a problem. ES is more centered on how to manipulate the coding and knowledge of information (rules eg if...then). As for how the ES as follows:

1. Users communicate with the system using an interactive dialog.
2. ES asks questions (which will ask an expert) and the user provides an answer.
3. The answer used to determine which rules are used and the ES system provides recommendations based on rules that have been saved.
4. A knowledge engineer responsible for the acquisition of knowledge on how to do, as an analyst but are trained to use different techniques.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is defined as the intelligence of scientific entities. Such systems are generally considered to be a computer. Intelligence was created and put into a machine (computer) in order to do the job as do humans. Several kinds of fields that use artificial intelligence expert systems, among others, computer games (games), fuzzy logic, neural networks and robotics.

Broadly speaking, the AI ​​is divided into two schools of thought namely Conventional AI and Computational Intelligence (CI, Computational Intelligence). Conventional AI mostly involves methods now diklasifiksikan as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. Also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, AI and AI pure old fashioned way (GOFAI, Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence). Method-the method include:

1. Expert systems: the capability to apply judgment to reach conclusions. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on such information.
2. Considerations based on case
3. Bayesian networks
4. Behavior-based AI: a modular method to the formation of AI systems manually

Computational intelligence involves iterative development or learning (eg parameter tuning as in connectionist systems. Learning is based on empirical data and are associated with non-symbolic AI, AI irregular and soft computing. Basic methods include:

1. Neural networks: systems with pattern recognition capabilities are very strong
2. Fuzzy systems: techniques for consideration under uncertainty, has been used extensively in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.
3. Evolutionary Computation: applying concepts such as biologically inspired population, mutation and the "survival of the fittest" to produce a better solution.

These methods are mainly divided into evolutionary algorithms (eg genetic algorithms) and swarm intelligence (eg ant algorithms)

With hybrid intelligent systems, experiments designed to combine these two groups. Expert inference rules can be generated through a neural network or production rules from statistical learning such as the ACT-R. A promising new approach is mentioned that the strengthening of intelligence to try to achieve artificial intelligence in the process of evolutionary development as a side effect of the strengthening of human intelligence through technology.

Decision Support System (DSS)

Decision Support System (DSS) is a management information system at the level of an organization that combines data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support the retrieval of semi-structured and unstructured. DSS is designed to help organizational decision-making. DSS is usually composed of:

1. Database (can be extracted from the Transaction Processing System / Management Information System).
2. Graphical or mathematical models, which are used for business processes.
3. User interface, which is used by the user to communicate with the DSS.

Management Information System (MIS)

Management Information System (MIS) is an information system that functions at management level to assist planning, controlling, and decision-making by providing a resume routine and specific reports. Management Information System (MIS) takes raw data and the Transaction Processing System (TPS) and turn it into a more meaningful set of data needed to carry out the responsibilities manager. To develop a driver's license, required a good understanding of what information needs of managers and how they use that information.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a computerized information system developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transactions. The things you can do in this system include:

1. Automating data management and transaction of business activity, which can be regarded as a discrete event in the life of the organization.
2. Data capture and every transaction.
3. Verifies the transaction to be accepted or rejected.
4. Saving a transaction that has been validated for subsequent data collection.
5. Generate reports and to provide a summary of each transaction.
6. Lets move the transaction and one process to another to handle all aspects of business.

Types Of Information Systems

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is usually divided into several types of applications, namely:

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)
2. Management Information System (MIS)
3. Decision Support System (DSS)
4. Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS)

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is a data processing system into a high quality information and can be used as a tool to support decision-making, coordination and control as well as the visualization and analysis.

The term Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) actually refers to the information system was developed based on computer technology.

Computer-Based Information System = Hardware + Software + People + Procedures + Information

Component Information System

Stair (1992) explains that the computer-based information systems (CBIS) in an organization made up and the following components:

1. Hardware, the hardware components to complement the activities of data entry, data processing, and output data.
2. Software, the program and instructions given to the computer.
3. Database, a collection of data and information organized in such a way that is easily accessible information system users.
4. Telecommunications, the communication link between users of the system with computer systems together into an effective network.
5. People, the personnel and information systems, including managers, analysts, programmers, and operators, as well as be responsible for system maintenance.

Procedures, ie procedures which include strategies, policies, methods, and regulations in using computer-based information systems.

While Burch and Grudnistki (1986) argues, the system consists of information and components above referred to as a building block, the block input, a model block, output block, technology block and control block. As a system, the six blocks of each interacting with one another to form a single unit to achieve its goals.

1. Input block. Represent the input data into the information system. Input here including methods and media to capture data that will be inserted to form the basic documents.
2. Model block. The block is made up and the combination of procedures, logic, and mathematical models that will manipulate the data input and data stored in the database in a particular way to produce the desired output.
3. Block Exodus. Products and information systems is that the output quality information and documentation that is useful for all levels of management as well as all users of the system.
4. Block Technology. Technology is a tool box (tool-box) in information systems. The technology used to receive input, run the model, storing and accessing data, generate and send the output as well as help control and overall system.
5. Blocks Database. And Database is a collection of related data with each other, is stored in the computer hardware and software used to manipulate it.
6. Control Block. Controls should be designed and implemented to ensure that things that can damage the system can be prevented or if already there mistakes can be directly addressed quickly.

Meanwhile, in the opinion of Davis (1995), consisting of management information systems and the following elements:

1. Computer hardware.
2. Software, which comprises the general system and software, application software, and application programs.
3. Database.
4. Procedure.
5. Operating officer.

Understanding Information System

To understand the meaning of information systems, should be seen links between the data and information as important entities forming the system information. Data is a value, condition, or the nature of stand-alone loose any context. While the information is data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and useful in decision-making current or future (Davis, 1995). Mc Leod (1995) says that information is data that has been processed, or data that has meaning.

Finally, Management Information Systems (MIS) can be defined as a tool to present information in a manner such that the benefit to the recipient (Kertahadi, 1995). The goal is to present information to decision making on planning, organizing, controlling subsystem of a company's operations, synergy and presenting organizations in the process (Murdick and Ross, 1993).

Some Important Concepts System

To more easily understand further the meaning system and information system is necessary to remember some important concepts in the development of the system, namely:

1. Decomposition
To analyze and understand thoroughly a large system, it usually takes a long time. To facilitate this work used the concept of decomposition. Decomposition is a division of systems into components of smaller (subsystems). Decomposition has several advantages, including:

• Analysts to more easily manage and analyze each subsystem in more detail.
• On the development of the system, the system can be decomposed into several modules. Development of several modules can be done in parallel with no dependency requirement between modules are built.

2. Modularity
The concept of modularity associated with decomposition. At the time of decomposition, it is expected that a large system is divided into sub-systems to be relatively the same size. With these modules the workload of the system developed can be distributed evenly on all available resources. System development so much simpler because it only focused on one module first, and do the integration between modules.

3. Coupling
And modules that we get, sometimes found some modules that have dependencies with other modules. In such cases, the modules are interdependent must be paired (in-couple). In this way can be known modules that can work independently and modules that should be completed first before the other modules work.

4. Cohesion
Of the coupling between modules, we can get the module groups with similar characteristics. Here comes the concept of cohesion in which the module should be analyzed together with the mutual cohesion of the group module.

System That Bad

To avoid developing a bad system, keep in mind some of the traits and the bad system:
a. Not meet user needs
b. Poor performance
c. Rehabilitation of low
d. Low usability
e. Examples of difficulty:

• Not scheduled.
• No budget plan.
• Can walk = 100% over budget or schedule.

Definitions Subsystem

A complex system is usually composed of several subsystems. Subsystem can be described as a system within a larger system. For example:
Automobile is a system comprising several subsystems and the following:

1. Machine system
2. Body system
3. Wheel system

Each subsystem can be made ​​and some subsistems the following:
Machine systems: systems carburetor, generator systems, fuel systems, etc.

Characteristics Of System

In order to understand or develop a system, it is necessary to distinguish the elements and systems that shape it. Here are the characteristics of a system that can distinguish a system with other systems:

1. Boundary. Depiction and an element or elements which are included in the system and which are outside the system.
2. Environment. Everything outside the system, providing environmental assumptions, constraints, and input to a system.
3. Input. Resources (data, materials, equipment, energy) and the environment that is consumed and manipulated by a system.
4. The output. Resource or product (information, reports, documents, computer screen display, finished goods) are provided for the system environment by the activities in a system. Component activities or processes in a system that transforms input into the form of semi-finished (output). This component can be a subsystem and a system.
5. Interface. The place where the component or system and its environment to meet or interact.
6. Storage. Area occupied and used for temporary and permanent storage and information, energy, raw materials, and so forth. A storage buffer between the media divulging these components work with various levels that exist and allow the different components and a variety of the same data.

Understanding System

To initiate a discussion of the analysis and design of information systems, an understanding of the system must first be emphasized. Definition of the system evolve according to the context in which sense the system is used. The following definitions will be given some general system

1. And a collection of parts that work together to achieve the same goal.

Example:

• Solar system
• Digestive System
• Public Transportation Systems
• Automotive systems
• Computer Systems
• Information Systems

2. A collection of objects that relate to and interact with each other as well as relationships between objects can be viewed as a whole is designed to achieve one goal.

Thus, simply as a set or sets and the elements or variables that are mutually organized interacting, and interdependent with each other. Murdick and Ross (1993) defines a system as a set of elements that are combined with each other for a common goal. Meanwhile, the system definition in Webster's  Unbriged dictionary are elements that are interconnected and form a single unit or organization.

According to Scott (1996), and the system comprises elements such as input, processing and output. Principal feature of the system according to Gapspert there are four, namely that the system operates in an environment, consist of elements, characterized by interconnected, and have the functions of or saw the main purpose.

System or system approach must be at least had four components, namely input, processing, output, and feedback or control. While Mc. Leod (1995) defines a system as a group of elements that are integrated with the same intent to achieve a goal. Resource flows and output elements and to ensure the process goes well then connected to the control mechanism.

Many experts put forward the concept of systems with different descriptions, but in principle similar to the basic concepts of the system generally. Schronderberg (1971) in Suradinata (1996) briefly describes the system are:

1. These components are interconnected to each other.
2. A whole without separating the constituent components.
3. Together to achieve goals.
4. Has inputs and outputs needed by other systems.
5. There are processes that transform inputs into outputs.
6. Indicates the existence of entropy.
7. Have rules.
8. Has a smaller subsystem.
9. Have a differentiation between subsystems.
10. Have the same goal even though the beginning is different.