Object Oriented Analysis (OOA)

For 30 years, most have separate systems development approach to knowledge (data) and processes. The technique removes the object appears to separate the separation of data and process it. In contrast, the specific data and processes to create, read, update, or delete data that is integrated into the construction of the so-called data or objects. The only way to create, read, update, or delete data is by means of the attachment (embeded) called OOA method is a technique driven models that integrate data and processes are called objects. OOA models are pictures that illustrate the system objects and a variety of perspectives, such as structure, behavior, and interasi between objects. The most famous example is the UML (Unified Modelling Language).

Engineering Information And Data Modeling

Engineering information first focused on the structure of data stored on a system. So tell the us data centered. Data models in engineering is called an entity relationship information.

Engineering information is said to center on the data because of stress on learning and analysis of data requirements prior to the requirements process. It is based on the level of confidence that the data and knowledge is a resource company that should be planned and maintained. As a result, analysts describe the raw data into a model of entity relationships, and then create a data flow diagram that describes the processes that occur. Engineering information modeling is actually trying to synchronize data with the modeling process. The difference lies only in structured analysis modeling process is described first, and data modeling.

Analysis of Structured

First is one of the first formal approach to the analysis of information systems. This analysis focuses on data flow and business processes and software. This analysis is called procces oriented structured analysis simple in concept. Analysts describe the series of processes in the form of data flow diagrams (data flow diagram) that describes the processes that exist or are proposed together with the input, output and file them.

Model Driven Approach Analysis

Model Driven is an analysis that uses images to combine to the problems, requirements, and solutions business solutions. Examples of commonly used model is the flowchart and DFD. Examples and analysis with a model driven approach is:

1. Structured Analysis
2. Engineering Information
3. Object-oriented Analysis

Information System Analysis

This is the first phase in the development phase in the development of information systems that primarily focused on the problems and requirements of business, separate and any technology that can or will be used to implement a solution to the problem. The main objectives and analysis of information systems there are a few things, namely:

1. Determine the weaknesses and the business processes on an old system to be able to determine the need and the new system.
2. Determine the feasibility of the new system requirements review and in some aspects, including economic, technical, operational, and legal.

Definition of System Design

System design is a problem-solving techniques that complement each other (with the systems analysis) are reassembling the component parts into a complete system-hope, an improved system. This involves the addition, deletion, and changes relative to the initial system (the original).

In the design of process models and data models, to realize the system needs are defined and a framework for coding was also determined. Documentation and design stages will be very useful for system development in the future, if there are changes and user needs.

Defination System Analysis

Systems analysis is a collective term that describes the early phases of system development. Systems analysis is a technique that describes the problem solving component parts to learn how well the component parts work and interact to achieve their goals. Systems analysis is the earliest phases of system development is the foundation of the success of the resulting information system will be.

This stage is crucial because it determines the form of systems to be built. This stage may be an easy step if kiien very familiar with the issues facing the organization and knows very well the functionality and information systems to be created. But this step could be the most difficult stage when kiien not identify the need for bias or closed to outsiders who want to know the details of its business processes.

Weakness of Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Almost the same as any other industry standards, system development life cycle has advantages and disadvantages. The surplus is the sequential steps that allows system developers to focus on the I step first, and after moving to the next step. For beginners this approach is very useful. But there are some disadvantages as a result and these sequential steps, including:

1. Too wasteful, and in terms of both cost and time, when there are changes when the system has been developed. This is due to a change in one phase will result in a later stage. Thus, the SDLC must be implemented with the assumption that each stage should not be mistaken.
2. SDLC is a method that requires a structured approach to follow all the steps there. If developers want a faster manufacturing process by eliminating one or more steps then the result is a system built to fail.

Phase Maintenance

The last step and the SDLC in which the system at this stage systematically improved and enhanced. Results and this stage is that the new version and the software that has been made. Improvements made can be very varied levels, starting and improving a crash program to function again until the addition of modules that a new program in response to changing user needs.

Step-by-step maintenance system comprising:

1. Use of System. That is using the system in accordance with the functions of their respective duties for the operation or daily routine.
2. Audit System. Namely to use and formal research to determine how well the new system can meet the performance criteria. This sort of thing is called the review after the application and can be performed by an internal auditor.
3. System Maintenance. Ie monitoring for routine checks so that the system is still operating properly. In addition, to maintain recency system at any time if the environment changes or modifications to the design of software systems.
4. Repair System. Ie do repairs if the surgery goes wrong (bugs) in program or design flaws that were not detected when the system testing phase.
5. Improved System. Ie making modifications to the system when there is potential for improvement as the system running for some time, usually the potential for increased system is seen by the manager and then forwarded to the specialist information for managers as desired modifications.

Phase Implementation

In the fifth stage of the SDLC, there are some things to do, namely:

1. Testing, the test results of the program code has been generated and the physical design phase. The purpose of testing is twofold. And the system developers, should be ensured that the program code are made freely and syntax and logic errors. And the user side, the resulting program should be able to resolve the existing problems on the client and the new system should be easy to administer and understood by end users.
2. Installation. After graduation testing program, the software and hardware will be installed on the client organization and formally put into use to replace the old system.

Phase Design

Design phase are the phases of change is still a concept needs to system specifications are nil. Stages of system design can be divided into two stages, namely the logical design (logical design) and the stages of physical design (physical design). As for differences, and both can be described as follows:

Logical design
Logical design is the design phase of the SDLC and where all the functional features and analysis phases of the system chosen and described separately and later on the computer platform used.

Results and these phases are:
a. Functional description of the data and processes that exist in the new system.
b. A detailed description and specification of systems, including:

• Input (what data is to be input).
• Output (what information is being output).
• Process (what are the procedures that should be executed to transform inputs into outputs).

Logical design phase usually produces several documents, including document data model, process model document, the draft table, hierarchy between modules, to interface design and systems that will be created.

Physical design
In this section, the logical specification is converted into the detail of technology where programming and system development can be resolved. At this stage the activity and the coding is done The output of this system are:

a. Technical description, the choice of software technology and hardware used.
b. A detailed description and specification of the system include:

• Program modules
• The files
• Network Systems
• System software

At the design stage, there are some major activities carried out, namely:

1. Design and integrate the network.
2. Designing the application architecture.
3. Designing the user interface.
4. Designing the system interface.
5. Designing and integrating the database.
6. Create a prototype for detail and design.
7. Designing and integrating the control system.

Phase Analysis

The third phase of the SDLC is the phase Analysis. The phase Analysis is the phase at which the system being studied and the system running the proposed replacement. System described in this stage running, problems, and opportunities are defined, and general recommendations for how to improve, enhance or replace the proposed system is running. The main objective and the analysis phase is to understand and document business needs and requirements of new systems and processes. There are six main activities in this phase:

1. Collection of information
The initial step in the analysis stage is to collect information about how the business processes that exist in the old system running. Then determined at points where any business process that has the problem that can be solved by information systems. And weaknesses are identified and repaired old systems with new systems.

2. Defining the system requirements
And weaknesses of information systems is obtained, then the system analysts to define what is actually needed by the old system to overcome the problem. This is what is referred to as system requirements. Often these needs will change the total overall business processes on the old system, but sometimes it just changes the addition of several new procedures.

3. Prioritize needs
In some cases, the need to obtain a very complete and complex. Availability of time and other resources to complete the whole requirement may not be sufficient. In this condition, then the analyst will prioritize the needs that are considered critical to be prioritized.

3. Develop and evaluate alternatives
One thing that analysts should not be forgotten is the second plan. After arranging and prioritizing needs, the analyst must prepare an alternative arrangement in case the need will be rejected by the client.

4. Review needs with management
The final step is to review existing requirements with the client, because the client the most out of their system needs.

Project Initiation and Planning

In this stage, potential Information System (IS) projects are described and presented arguments for continuing the project. Thorough work plan is also prepared to run the other stages. At this stage it is determined in detail the work plan that should be done, the required duration of each stage, human resources, software, hardware, and financial estimates. Usually those things outlined in the project implementation schedule. Preparation of planning because it is not easy steps to estimate the workload and duration of each stage and takes a fair amount of experience. Errors at this stage will not result in maximum profits, even losses. At this stage the role of an experienced manager of information systems is needed.

Project Identification and Selection

Constitute the first step in SDLC the overall information required by the system: identification, analysis, prioritization, and rearrange. In this stage there are some things that should be done, among them:

1. Identify potential projects. Potential and the project in question is how much profit who can be by, the duration of time available is insufficient to complete the project, and whether its resources are able to complete the project.

2. Classify and rank the project. If at the same time there are several projects that should be done at the same time it needs to be made classification and ranking of projects, and projects are most worthy to be done until the project is felt to be beneficial if done.

3. Selecting projects to be developed. If the classification and ranking has been established then the next step is to determine which projects should be done.

The resources involved are the users, systems analysts, and managers who coordinate the project. Activities are usually done at this stage include interviewing management of users, summarizes the knowledge gained, and estimate the scope of the project and documenting the results. This phase will produce a feasibility report contains the definition of the problem and summary of objectives and projects selected.

System Development Methodology

Some experts divide the system development process into a number of different sequences. But it will refer to the processes of the following standards:
1. Analysis
2. Design
3. Implementation
4. Maintenance

In its development, standardized processes were outlined in a method known as the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a common methodology in the development of systems that mark the progress of the analysis and design effort. SDLC phases include the following:
1. Project Identification and Selection
2. Project Initiation and Planning
3. Analysis
4. Design

• logical design
• physical design

5. Implementation
6. Maintenance

Understanding System Analysis and Design

System analysis is defined as how to understand and specify in detail what should be done by the system. While the system design is defined as explained in detail how the parts and information systems are implemented. Thus, the analysis and design of information systems (ANSI) can be defined as: complex organizational process in which computer-based information systems are implemented. Or it could be summarized as follows:

Analysis: defining the problem.

From requirements to specification.

Design: solve the problem.

From specification to implementation.

There is a key question, why the order of the stages in ANSI becomes very important. There are several specific reasons. First, the success of an information system depends on good analysis and design. Stages of the analysis will determine what should be problem solved on your organization. Errors in this phase will lead to the problem persists even though the information system has been implemented. While the design phase will determine what kind of system will function. Although at this stage of the analysis of the main problems has been mapped correctly, will result in failure of a design error problem solving by computer systems. Thus, these two steps is a crucial step for the development of the system.

Second, the ANSI method is a method long used to build conventional software. Thus, the validity of standard measures that have been tested. This method has also been used extensively in various industries (technology that has been tested).

Third, ANSI offers a new profession as an analyst. In the previous section, we discussed that a responsible stakeholder in the implementation of all phases of the ANSI is an analyst. With the industrial development of the information system is the system analyst and a career in the IT world, offers a lot of fun and challenges, as well as the salaries are not low. And the demand for systems analysts and expertise year after year have also increased. Systems analyst is a challenging profession because it combines many skills such as analytical skills, technical, interpersonal, and managerial. This can be seen and responsibilities of an analyst is based on ANSI approach, which includes:

1. How to build information systems.
2. How to analyze requirements and information systems.
3. How to design a computer-based information systems.
4. How to solve problems within the organization through information systems.

Other Information System (IS) Technicians

There are many more other engineers involved in system development. One is the database administrator for a large company with large-scale data, the data in the database secured a hat-us are well organized, so that when other applications require the transfer of data and databases, can be served quickly. Database administrators are also responsible for the security of data, and virus attacks as well as outsiders who do not have access rights to view and change data. Other technicians are technicians and network hardware technicians. The software will not run properly without the support of hardware that works well. Data transfer can not be done if the media transfer media experience problems. For that we need specialized personnel assigned to take care of hardware and network infrastructure.

Business Manager

Other groups in the system development is the business manager, for example its chief executive or head of department or company. Managers are important because they have the power systems development funding and allocate resources necessary for project success.

Programmer

Individuals who become key personnel and run the "dirty work" in the development of information systems projects are programmers. The main task is to convert programmers and system specifications provided by the systems analyst in the instructions can be executed by a computer. Step change to the code that can run this computer is called coding. Coding is a job that requires time and great accuracy. Largest portion of the time normally spent and the development of the system here. Short time limits and strict work hours is a challenge for programmers. To treat his job easier, programmers typically use code generator. Code generator is one of the tools and CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering). Code generator has been developed to generate the code and specifications that have been made, saving time and costs. The purpose and use of CASE is to provide a code generator that automatically generates 90% or more and normal system specifications provided by the programmers normally. This technique is expected to work with programmers could be lighter.

Systems Analyst

Systems analyst is a good profession to begin a career in IT. Job as a systems analyst offering a dynamic and challenging work varied. Systems analyst is a key individual in the process of system development. Systems analysts study the problems and needs of the organization to determine how people, data, processes, communication, and information technology can improve business results. A systems analyst is also the person most responsible for the process analysis and design of information systems. The main task and a systems analyst is to determine the form of systems to be built later. This decision is not easy. Determine the format of the error system to be built will result in failure of the project. Therefore, a systems analyst must have a successful and provided with some specific skills, such as:

1. Analysis Expertise
Analytical skills needed to understand the organization's information systems need to be built. Analytical skills used to map the problems faced by the client company that could be solved with information systems and what does not. Analytical skills are also required to solve problems that have been found again using a computer-based technology. Overall this activity will be very helpful to view the organization as a system. By analyzing the components of a systems analyst will be easier to understand the whole process of running a business and find where the indicated subsystem having problems.

2. Technical Expertise
The main task of an analyst is to determine the form of a computerized system such as what happened to solve the problem of the client company or organization. Because of the problems found Hams solved by the computer technology necessary technical expertise is the mastery of technology software and hardware. A systems analyst is required to know and master the software and the latest hardware, and to know the advantages and limitations of these technologies and technologies. This will greatly assist the analyst in choosing the right technology for a very specific client needs. Technical expertise can be acquired and formal education, specialized training, and hours of flying time in developing the information system project.

3. Managerial skills
One task of the systems analyst is a right-handed manager of information systems in managing the resources of small-scale projects. Systems analyst responsible for managing the resources under its control, such as programmers and technicians. Appropriate allocation of tasks is very influential on how quickly the settlement
project. Systems analyst also should be able to predict risk and changes in external factors such as hardware prices, changes in client needs, the emergence of a competing product, and others.

4. Interpersonal Skills
The systems analyst is actively communicating with clients and come out into the other stakeholders. Communication skills is necessary to capture accurate information about the problems that exist on the client. Sometimes there are multiple types of clients who are covered or not understand its own business processes. This is where the ability to communicate and systems analysts will determine the success of the identification problem. Communication is also required to present their work as well as other stakeholders and analysts who need to be known by the user. Communication is also necessary for coordination and instruction with other stakeholders. By communicating effectively with other stakeholders, the development project can always be known, the recent changes can be monitored and responded to.

As for matters responsibility of a systems analyst include:

1. Effective data capture and business sources.
2. Data stream to the computer.
3. Processing and storage of data by computer.
4. And the flow of useful information back to the business processes and users.

Information System (IS) Manager

In a formidable team of talented leaders must be found. For project development team of information systems, information systems manager is the leader of this team. Manager in the information systems department has a direct role in the development process of the system if they handle small-scale organizations. IS manager role in allocating and monitoring systems development projects rather than directly involved in the process of system development.

In the large-scale IT departments, IT managers are usually divided into manager manager with more specific responsibilities, for example:

1. Manager for the department's overall IS commonly referred to as Chief Information Officer and is under the president or director of a company.
2. Other managers who led the divisions on IT departments, such as IS development manager, operations manager, manager of IS programmers, and others.

As a leader, manager Hams not directly involved in the process of making information systems. To monitor the work and other stakeholders, managers effectively communicate with other stakeholders through the key players, namely the systems analyst.

Stakeholder

Stakeholder are people who have a particular interest in a business activity. In the development of an information system, Whitten et. al. divide the stakeholders in the development of information systems to:

1. Information System (IS) Manager
2. Systems Analyst
3. Programmer
4. The end user
5. Supporting end users
6. Business Manager
7. Other Information System (IS) Technicians

The division is based on differences in the characteristics of the work they do to complete a project information system. This difference does not mean one has a more important role, but together to support each other the completion of a project information system.

Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Expert System (ES) is a knowledge representation to describe the way an expert in approaching a problem. ES is more centered on how to manipulate the coding and knowledge of information (rules eg if...then). As for how the ES as follows:

1. Users communicate with the system using an interactive dialog.
2. ES asks questions (which will ask an expert) and the user provides an answer.
3. The answer used to determine which rules are used and the ES system provides recommendations based on rules that have been saved.
4. A knowledge engineer responsible for the acquisition of knowledge on how to do, as an analyst but are trained to use different techniques.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is defined as the intelligence of scientific entities. Such systems are generally considered to be a computer. Intelligence was created and put into a machine (computer) in order to do the job as do humans. Several kinds of fields that use artificial intelligence expert systems, among others, computer games (games), fuzzy logic, neural networks and robotics.

Broadly speaking, the AI ​​is divided into two schools of thought namely Conventional AI and Computational Intelligence (CI, Computational Intelligence). Conventional AI mostly involves methods now diklasifiksikan as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. Also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, AI and AI pure old fashioned way (GOFAI, Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence). Method-the method include:

1. Expert systems: the capability to apply judgment to reach conclusions. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on such information.
2. Considerations based on case
3. Bayesian networks
4. Behavior-based AI: a modular method to the formation of AI systems manually

Computational intelligence involves iterative development or learning (eg parameter tuning as in connectionist systems. Learning is based on empirical data and are associated with non-symbolic AI, AI irregular and soft computing. Basic methods include:

1. Neural networks: systems with pattern recognition capabilities are very strong
2. Fuzzy systems: techniques for consideration under uncertainty, has been used extensively in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.
3. Evolutionary Computation: applying concepts such as biologically inspired population, mutation and the "survival of the fittest" to produce a better solution.

These methods are mainly divided into evolutionary algorithms (eg genetic algorithms) and swarm intelligence (eg ant algorithms)

With hybrid intelligent systems, experiments designed to combine these two groups. Expert inference rules can be generated through a neural network or production rules from statistical learning such as the ACT-R. A promising new approach is mentioned that the strengthening of intelligence to try to achieve artificial intelligence in the process of evolutionary development as a side effect of the strengthening of human intelligence through technology.

Decision Support System (DSS)

Decision Support System (DSS) is a management information system at the level of an organization that combines data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support the retrieval of semi-structured and unstructured. DSS is designed to help organizational decision-making. DSS is usually composed of:

1. Database (can be extracted from the Transaction Processing System / Management Information System).
2. Graphical or mathematical models, which are used for business processes.
3. User interface, which is used by the user to communicate with the DSS.

Management Information System (MIS)

Management Information System (MIS) is an information system that functions at management level to assist planning, controlling, and decision-making by providing a resume routine and specific reports. Management Information System (MIS) takes raw data and the Transaction Processing System (TPS) and turn it into a more meaningful set of data needed to carry out the responsibilities manager. To develop a driver's license, required a good understanding of what information needs of managers and how they use that information.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a computerized information system developed to process large amounts of data for routine business transactions. The things you can do in this system include:

1. Automating data management and transaction of business activity, which can be regarded as a discrete event in the life of the organization.
2. Data capture and every transaction.
3. Verifies the transaction to be accepted or rejected.
4. Saving a transaction that has been validated for subsequent data collection.
5. Generate reports and to provide a summary of each transaction.
6. Lets move the transaction and one process to another to handle all aspects of business.

Types Of Information Systems

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is usually divided into several types of applications, namely:

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)
2. Management Information System (MIS)
3. Decision Support System (DSS)
4. Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS)

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) is a data processing system into a high quality information and can be used as a tool to support decision-making, coordination and control as well as the visualization and analysis.

The term Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) actually refers to the information system was developed based on computer technology.

Computer-Based Information System = Hardware + Software + People + Procedures + Information

Component Information System

Stair (1992) explains that the computer-based information systems (CBIS) in an organization made up and the following components:

1. Hardware, the hardware components to complement the activities of data entry, data processing, and output data.
2. Software, the program and instructions given to the computer.
3. Database, a collection of data and information organized in such a way that is easily accessible information system users.
4. Telecommunications, the communication link between users of the system with computer systems together into an effective network.
5. People, the personnel and information systems, including managers, analysts, programmers, and operators, as well as be responsible for system maintenance.

Procedures, ie procedures which include strategies, policies, methods, and regulations in using computer-based information systems.

While Burch and Grudnistki (1986) argues, the system consists of information and components above referred to as a building block, the block input, a model block, output block, technology block and control block. As a system, the six blocks of each interacting with one another to form a single unit to achieve its goals.

1. Input block. Represent the input data into the information system. Input here including methods and media to capture data that will be inserted to form the basic documents.
2. Model block. The block is made up and the combination of procedures, logic, and mathematical models that will manipulate the data input and data stored in the database in a particular way to produce the desired output.
3. Block Exodus. Products and information systems is that the output quality information and documentation that is useful for all levels of management as well as all users of the system.
4. Block Technology. Technology is a tool box (tool-box) in information systems. The technology used to receive input, run the model, storing and accessing data, generate and send the output as well as help control and overall system.
5. Blocks Database. And Database is a collection of related data with each other, is stored in the computer hardware and software used to manipulate it.
6. Control Block. Controls should be designed and implemented to ensure that things that can damage the system can be prevented or if already there mistakes can be directly addressed quickly.

Meanwhile, in the opinion of Davis (1995), consisting of management information systems and the following elements:

1. Computer hardware.
2. Software, which comprises the general system and software, application software, and application programs.
3. Database.
4. Procedure.
5. Operating officer.

Understanding Information System

To understand the meaning of information systems, should be seen links between the data and information as important entities forming the system information. Data is a value, condition, or the nature of stand-alone loose any context. While the information is data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and useful in decision-making current or future (Davis, 1995). Mc Leod (1995) says that information is data that has been processed, or data that has meaning.

Finally, Management Information Systems (MIS) can be defined as a tool to present information in a manner such that the benefit to the recipient (Kertahadi, 1995). The goal is to present information to decision making on planning, organizing, controlling subsystem of a company's operations, synergy and presenting organizations in the process (Murdick and Ross, 1993).

Some Important Concepts System

To more easily understand further the meaning system and information system is necessary to remember some important concepts in the development of the system, namely:

1. Decomposition
To analyze and understand thoroughly a large system, it usually takes a long time. To facilitate this work used the concept of decomposition. Decomposition is a division of systems into components of smaller (subsystems). Decomposition has several advantages, including:

• Analysts to more easily manage and analyze each subsystem in more detail.
• On the development of the system, the system can be decomposed into several modules. Development of several modules can be done in parallel with no dependency requirement between modules are built.

2. Modularity
The concept of modularity associated with decomposition. At the time of decomposition, it is expected that a large system is divided into sub-systems to be relatively the same size. With these modules the workload of the system developed can be distributed evenly on all available resources. System development so much simpler because it only focused on one module first, and do the integration between modules.

3. Coupling
And modules that we get, sometimes found some modules that have dependencies with other modules. In such cases, the modules are interdependent must be paired (in-couple). In this way can be known modules that can work independently and modules that should be completed first before the other modules work.

4. Cohesion
Of the coupling between modules, we can get the module groups with similar characteristics. Here comes the concept of cohesion in which the module should be analyzed together with the mutual cohesion of the group module.

System That Bad

To avoid developing a bad system, keep in mind some of the traits and the bad system:
a. Not meet user needs
b. Poor performance
c. Rehabilitation of low
d. Low usability
e. Examples of difficulty:

• Not scheduled.
• No budget plan.
• Can walk = 100% over budget or schedule.

Definitions Subsystem

A complex system is usually composed of several subsystems. Subsystem can be described as a system within a larger system. For example:
Automobile is a system comprising several subsystems and the following:

1. Machine system
2. Body system
3. Wheel system

Each subsystem can be made ​​and some subsistems the following:
Machine systems: systems carburetor, generator systems, fuel systems, etc.

Characteristics Of System

In order to understand or develop a system, it is necessary to distinguish the elements and systems that shape it. Here are the characteristics of a system that can distinguish a system with other systems:

1. Boundary. Depiction and an element or elements which are included in the system and which are outside the system.
2. Environment. Everything outside the system, providing environmental assumptions, constraints, and input to a system.
3. Input. Resources (data, materials, equipment, energy) and the environment that is consumed and manipulated by a system.
4. The output. Resource or product (information, reports, documents, computer screen display, finished goods) are provided for the system environment by the activities in a system. Component activities or processes in a system that transforms input into the form of semi-finished (output). This component can be a subsystem and a system.
5. Interface. The place where the component or system and its environment to meet or interact.
6. Storage. Area occupied and used for temporary and permanent storage and information, energy, raw materials, and so forth. A storage buffer between the media divulging these components work with various levels that exist and allow the different components and a variety of the same data.

Understanding System

To initiate a discussion of the analysis and design of information systems, an understanding of the system must first be emphasized. Definition of the system evolve according to the context in which sense the system is used. The following definitions will be given some general system

1. And a collection of parts that work together to achieve the same goal.

Example:

• Solar system
• Digestive System
• Public Transportation Systems
• Automotive systems
• Computer Systems
• Information Systems

2. A collection of objects that relate to and interact with each other as well as relationships between objects can be viewed as a whole is designed to achieve one goal.

Thus, simply as a set or sets and the elements or variables that are mutually organized interacting, and interdependent with each other. Murdick and Ross (1993) defines a system as a set of elements that are combined with each other for a common goal. Meanwhile, the system definition in Webster's  Unbriged dictionary are elements that are interconnected and form a single unit or organization.

According to Scott (1996), and the system comprises elements such as input, processing and output. Principal feature of the system according to Gapspert there are four, namely that the system operates in an environment, consist of elements, characterized by interconnected, and have the functions of or saw the main purpose.

System or system approach must be at least had four components, namely input, processing, output, and feedback or control. While Mc. Leod (1995) defines a system as a group of elements that are integrated with the same intent to achieve a goal. Resource flows and output elements and to ensure the process goes well then connected to the control mechanism.

Many experts put forward the concept of systems with different descriptions, but in principle similar to the basic concepts of the system generally. Schronderberg (1971) in Suradinata (1996) briefly describes the system are:

1. These components are interconnected to each other.
2. A whole without separating the constituent components.
3. Together to achieve goals.
4. Has inputs and outputs needed by other systems.
5. There are processes that transform inputs into outputs.
6. Indicates the existence of entropy.
7. Have rules.
8. Has a smaller subsystem.
9. Have a differentiation between subsystems.
10. Have the same goal even though the beginning is different.